hive-gateway

Single nginx in front of every hyperhive web surface. Container hive-gateway, shared host netns, system-config (not meta-flake managed). Configured via services.hyperhive.gateway.* + per-subsystem opt-in flags in services.hyperhive.{forge,matrix,...}.

Vhost map

Per-agent UIs stay sub-path because they're hyperhive-internal and base-path-aware. External standard apps (forge / matrix) get sub-domains because their defaults work cleanly at sub-domain root + per-origin cookies / storage isolation matters.

Discovery flow (matrix)

Operator points client at <hive>. Sequence:

1. Client fetches https://<hive>/.well-known/matrix/client → {"m.homeserver":{"base_url":"https://matrix.<hive>"}} (no port suffix when gateway listens on 443). The gateway always terminates TLS, so the scheme is always https; a non-default httpsPort is reflected as the port suffix.
2. Client connects to matrix.<hive>/_matrix/client/....
3. Gateway routes /_matrix/* → tuwunel at 127.0.0.1:8008.

matrix-dart-sdk (FluffyChat etc.) hardcodes https for the well-known fetch regardless of input scheme, so the discovery endpoint MUST be https — see "Self-signed TLS" below for the cert generation that backs the default-on path.

Federation peers fetch .well-known/matrix/server → {"m.server":"matrix.<hive>"} and connect to matrix.<hive>:8448 per spec default. Gateway only listens on configured port (+ httpsPort when TLS on); cross-hive federation needs either an SRV record (_matrix._tcp.matrix.<hive> → port 80 / 443) OR matrix.openFirewall = true so peers reach tuwunel's federation port directly. Hyperhive is mostly closed/internal, so this rarely bites.

SPA fallback (Accept-header pattern)

The per-agent UIs and the matrix.<hive> vhost serve a flutter/SPA bundle via the Accept-header pattern below. (The <hive> dashboard catch-all used this too but now routes by path — see the dashboard note after.) Two requirements collide:

• hard-refresh on a sub-route must serve index.html (SPA's client-side router takes over after JS bootstrap)
• a non-navigation request that isn't an on-disk asset must NOT get HTML with the wrong content-type

Solution: an nginx http-context map $http_accept $<name>_spa_target { ... } keyed on the request's Accept header. Browser navigations (Accept: text/html,...) get index.html; everything else (Accept: image/*, */*, application/json, text/event-stream, …) gets a sentinel nonexistent path, so try_files $uri $<name>_spa_target <final> falls through to <final>. No extension allowlist, no if block, no regex heuristics.

For matrix / per-agent static assets, <final> is =404 (a missing asset is just missing).

Dashboard: path-based routing (not Accept-header)

Now that every hive-c0re backend route lives under /api/ plus the single /webhook/knowledge endpoint, the dashboard vhost routes by path, not Accept header:

• location /api/ → hive-c0re (7000): all dashboard data, actions/mutations, and the two SSE streams (/api/dashboard/stream, /api/build-logs/id/{id}/stream). Carries proxy_buffering off + a 1d read timeout for the streams.
• location /webhook/ → hive-c0re: the knowledge webhook.
• location / → the dashboard dist (from the servedFrontend nix-store path) with try_files $uri /index.html (SPA fallback).

Each location carries a duplicated auth_basic block (separate locations don't inherit it). This keeps the gateway static-serving the dashboard dist while hive-c0re stays API-only — a frontend-only change no longer rebuilds + restarts the core daemon. The earlier map $http_accept Accept-header split was replaced because it made the same URL behave differently by content-type (e.g. /api/state fetched with Accept: text/html wrongly returned index.html); path routing is deterministic. A new top-level c0re route prefix (beyond /api + /webhook) needs a matching location added to the dashboard vhost.

Local dev (localHostsEntry)

services.hyperhive.gateway.localHostsEntry = true adds entries to the host's /etc/hosts:

• <hive-domain> → 127.0.0.1
• forge.<hive> → 127.0.0.1 (when forge.behindGateway)
• matrix.<hive> → 127.0.0.1 (when matrix.gatewayHost set)

lib.unique de-dupes if any sub-domain happens to equal another entry. Operators with real DNS leave it off.

Sub-domain shape (rationale)

Operator decision: sub-domain over sub-path for forge + matrix, sub-path for per-agent UIs.

• forgejo's default ROOT_URL = http://<host>/ works without any X-Forwarded-Prefix gymnastics — sub-domain hosting is the canonical Forgejo deploy shape.
• matrix-spec deployments universally use matrix.<server_name> for the actual API listener — federation already expects this.
• per-agent UIs are hyperhive-internal and base-path-aware specifically for /agent/<name>/. Sub-domain per agent would multiply DNS + TLS-per-subdomain cost without per-app config wins.
• cookie / storage isolation: a future forge XSS can't reach the dashboard session because they're different origins.

services.hyperhive.{forge.domain,matrix.gatewayHost} take the full hostname (forge.darkest.space, git.example.com) rather than a label that gets concatenated with hive-domain — operators want control over the full shape, not a forced <label>.<hive-domain> pattern.

Tuning knobs

Per-vhost timeouts + body-size limits live in the location blocks:

• forge / (forgejo): client_max_body_size 1G (LFS), proxy_read_timeout 1h (multi-GB clones), proxyWebsockets = true (live-update endpoints).
• matrix /_matrix/ (tuwunel): client_max_body_size 50M (media uploads), proxy_read_timeout 1h (long-poll /sync), CORS * (federation + cross-origin clients), proxyWebsockets = true.
• per-agent /agent/<name>/: proxy_read_timeout 1d (long-lived SSE / WebSocket dashboards), proxyWebsockets = true, X-Forwarded-Prefix set so the harness can build absolute URLs when relative isn't enough.

SSH for forge stays direct on cfg.sshPort — separate listener protocol, not HTTP-over-nginx.

Per-agent unix-socket upstream

All agents bind their web UI on a unix-domain socket at /run/hive-agent/<name>/web.sock — the HIVE_WEB_SOCKET env var is now set unconditionally for every agent. The mechanism:

1. Agent side. HIVE_WEB_SOCKET=/run/hive-agent/<name>/web.sock is set on every harness service env; web_ui::serve binds a UnixListener at that path.
2. Host side. hive-c0re bind-mounts the per-agent subdir (/run/hive-agent/<name>/) into the agent's container. Dir bind, not file bind — file bind-mounts don't survive the harness's unlink + bind(2) cycle on socket replace. Per-agent subdir keeps each agent's container blind to siblings' sockets.
3. Marker gate. After successful bind_unix, the harness drops <dir>/hyperhive-socket-bound next to the socket. c0re's agent_sockets::write filters its JSON map by marker presence — only agents whose harness has actually bound the socket appear there. (Legacy name .bound also accepted during the transition window.)
4. Gateway side. gateway_nginx::write generates /var/lib/hyperhive/gateway/agents.conf — a plain nginx include file with one location /agent/<name>/ block per agent. Always a UDS upstream (http://unix:/run/hive-agent/<name>/web.sock:/); if the socket is not yet bound, nginx returns 502 caught by the error_page 502 503 504 = /__hive_agent_unreachable directive. The gateway container bind-mounts /var/lib/hyperhive/gateway/ at /run/hive-state/; nginx includes /run/hive-state/agents.conf. After each write, c0re triggers the appropriate nginx action inside the gateway container via hive-priv (which runs as root and has --machine=hive-gateway transport rights that hive-c0re lacks). hive-priv queries ActiveState and dispatches:
   • active → systemctl reload nginx (SIGHUP, zero-downtime)
   • failed → systemctl reset-failed nginx + systemctl start nginx
   • otherwise → systemctl start nginx This is intentionally host-side: IN_MOVED_TO from an atomic rename does not propagate across the nspawn mount-namespace boundary, so a path unit inside the container would never fire.

c0re regenerates agents.conf (and triggers a reload) on two triggers: every topology change (new/removed agents) and every 10s marker poll tick (agent_sockets::spawn_poll). write() is idempotent — skips the rename when content is unchanged. Failed reloads are retried automatically on subsequent poll ticks via gateway_nginx::reload_if_pending.

agents.conf uses atomic <path>.tmp + rename() writes so a crashing c0re process never leaves a partial or unparseable file behind.

Dashboard link shape (gateway vs direct)

When the gateway is in front, the SW4RM tab builds per-agent links as same-origin /agent/<name>/… URLs instead of the legacy direct http://<host>:<container.port>/ TCP shape. The signal comes from StateSnapshot.gateway_enabled, sourced from the HIVE_GATEWAY_ENABLED env the c0re NixOS module sets when services.hyperhive.gateway.enable = true. Three render sites flip together: the primary agent-name link, the favicon fetch (<url>/icon), and the nav-strip container-kind links from DashboardState.links (GET /api/dashboard-state). forge-kind nav-strip links still resolve against http://<host>:3000 (separate sub-domain transition tracked by forge.behindGateway); external-kind links are already absolute. See docs/web-ui/dashboard.md::Container row for the frontend-side derivation.

TLS modes

The gateway always terminates TLS — self-signed is the implicit floor when nothing else is configured, so there is no http-only mode. Three modes, selected by which (if any) external TLS source is set:

The gateway.selfSignedTls option is deprecated and ignored — self-signed is now derived from the absence of tls.certDir / tls.acme. Setting it to false (which used to select http-only or force an external cert) warns and has no effect; use tls.certDir / tls.acme to override the default.

ACME / Let's Encrypt (tls.acme)

Simplest production path for operators with a public domain:

services.hyperhive.gateway = {
  openFirewall  = true;
  tls.acme = {
    enable = true;
    email  = "admin@example.com";
  };
};

nginx inside the gateway container obtains and auto-renews certs via the ACME HTTP-01 challenge on port (default 80). The gateway container shares the host network namespace (privateNetwork = false) so outbound ACME requests work without any extra routing. Certs are stored inside the container's persistent state dir (/var/lib/acme/ inside hive-gateway; survives restarts because ephemeral = false).

Requirements: services.hyperhive.domain must be publicly DNS-resolvable to this host, and openFirewall = true so Let's Encrypt can reach /.well-known/acme-challenge/. Each active vhost (main domain, forge.<domain>, matrix.<domain>) gets its own cert via separate ACME challenges.

Mutual exclusion: tls.certDir set together with tls.acme.enable = true fails an assertion — pick one external TLS source (or neither, for the self-signed default).

Swarm peers: CA-signed certs are trusted by default — remote hives need no certFingerprint in swarm.peers.

Self-signed TLS (default)

On by default, and listens on httpsPort (default 443) on every vhost beside the plain-http port (default 80).

The anchor is a host-held hive CA, not a bare self-signed leaf. A host service (hive-tls-ca.service, from the hive-tls module) generates a long-lived CA (services.hyperhive.tls.caValidityDays, default ~20y) under services.hyperhive.tls.stateDir (default /var/lib/hive-tls), then signs a gateway leaf (leafValidityDays, default ~10y) with it. The leaf dir is bind-mounted read-only into the gateway container at /run/hive-ca; an in-container import unit copies the leaf into nginx's state dir (/var/lib/hive-gateway/tls/{cert,key}.pem) with the owner/mode nginx needs.

Why a CA, not a bare leaf: a bare self-signed leaf is its own trust anchor, so every regeneration is a new anchor every consumer must re-trust — and a runtime-generated, in-container leaf can't be wired into an agent's build-time trust store at all. With a stable CA, agents and federation peers trust the CA once (ca.pem); leaf rotation never re-breaks them.

Why on by default: matrix-dart-sdk (FluffyChat's SDK) hardcodes https://<host>/.well-known/matrix/client for homeserver discovery and refuses to fall back to plain http. Without TLS the browser client cannot bootstrap.

Cert shape: leaf subject CN = bare hive domain; subjectAltName covers <hive>, forge.<hive>, matrix.<hive>, and wildcard *.<hive> so all current and future sub-domain vhosts validate under the same leaf + the hive CA.

Rotation: hive-tls-ca.service is idempotent — it re-signs the leaf when it is missing or within 30 days of expiry, always under the same CA (so consumer trust is undisturbed). The CA itself is regenerated only if missing or already expired. To force a leaf rotation, delete gateway.pem under the state dir and restart the unit, then reload nginx.

Cert prompts: browsers still warn once per host until the hive CA is added to the browser/OS trust store (the CA, not the leaf, is the thing to trust). Agent trust of the CA is wired separately (see the agent-trust work for /run/hive-ca).

Operator-provided cert (tls.certDir)

For operators with a real CA cert (Let's Encrypt, corporate CA, etc.):

services.hyperhive.gateway = {
  tls.certDir = "/var/lib/acme/example.com";  # nixpkgs security.acme output dir
  # tls.certName = "cert.pem";   # default — matches security.acme layout
  # tls.keyName  = "key.pem";    # default — matches security.acme layout
};

The directory is bind-mounted read-only into the gateway container at /run/hive-tls/. nginx uses cert.pem + key.pem (override tls.certName/tls.keyName for different filenames). Both modes listen on httpsPort (default 443) and emit https:// in .well-known responses.

tls.certDir and tls.acme.enable set together is an assertion error.

Key file permissions: nixpkgs's security.acme outputs private keys as 0640 root:acme by default. nginx inside the gateway container runs as the nginx user and cannot read a key with that ownership. Fix with:

security.acme.certs."example.com".group = "nginx";

or make the key world-readable (0644) if your threat model allows it. nginx errors out at startup on a key it can't read — the error is explicit in the journal, not a silent failure.

Peer hive config: when using a CA-signed cert, peer hives can declare this hive without certFingerprint in swarm.peers — the standard CA bundle validates:

services.hyperhive.swarm.peers."example.com" = { };  # no certFingerprint needed

Fronting with an external TLS terminator

There is no http-only mode: the gateway always terminates TLS (self-signed floor). Two paths for an operator who wants their own TLS terminator:

• give the gateway the real cert via tls.certDir (or tls.acme) so it serves proper TLS directly — no separate proxy needed; or
• front it over a unix socket rather than a plain-http TCP port (the intended direction for "bring your own proxy" — the gateway is not meant to expose an unencrypted TCP upstream).

.well-known/matrix/{client,server} scheme is always https now — the gateway always terminates TLS, so discovery responses always advertise https.

Firewall posture (host-level)

hive-c0re.nix opens the per-agent web-port range 8100..8999 in the host firewall only when services.hyperhive.gateway.enable = false. With the gateway on (default), it's the sole external entry point and proxies to 127.0.0.1:<port> internally — leaving the per-agent ports firewall-open would defeat the single-front-door story.

services.hyperhive.gateway.openFirewall = true opens both port and httpsPort — the gateway always terminates TLS (self-signed floor), so both are always served.

Every agent hashes into the same port range (no special case), so one range opening covers every container.

The dashboard port (cfg.dashboardPort, default 7000) is not listed in either case — it binds 127.0.0.1 only, so a firewall hole would be a no-op. Remote dashboard access flows through the gateway. Operators who opt out of the gateway lose external dashboard reach by design — the surface is privileged (approve / deny / destroy) and must not be exposed without a real reverse proxy in front.

HIVE_FORGE_URL: agents reach the forge via the gateway by domain

Agents poll HIVE_FORGE_URL for Forgejo notifications + run all hive-forge calls against it. Network isolation is always on (the shared-netns mode was removed), so agents run in a private netns and can never reach the host's loopback. hive-c0re.nix sets HIVE_FORGE_URL to http://<forge.domain> (default forge.<hive-domain>; services.hyperhive.domain is required). Agents get the bridge dnsmasq as their resolver, resolve the hostname → bridge IP, then reach nginx on port 80 (the bridge firewall opens 80+443). nginx proxies to forgejo — the same path an operator browser takes, no raw port exposure needed.

hive-forge container shape

Private Forgejo wrapped in a nixos-container (hive-forge, not h-* — keeps c0re's lifecycle scanner out of the picture; the operator manages it via the standard nixos-container CLI). The container also keeps hive-forge from fighting any services.forgejo the operator already runs on the host — separate systemd namespace, separate state dir, separate port unless the operator deliberately collides.

The forge container shares the host network namespace (privateNetwork = false), so forgejo's listeners look like a host-side service — nixos-container is here for state + systemd-unit isolation, not network isolation. Note this is the FORGE container; agent containers are network-isolated and reach the forge through the gateway by forge.<domain> (see HIVE_FORGE_URL above), not via the host's loopback.

State lives at /var/lib/nixos-containers/hive-forge/var/lib/forgejo/ and survives container restart / host reboot. To wipe, destroy the container.

Network and port configuration

services.hyperhive.forge = {
  httpPort   = 3000;   # default — HTTP listener; outside hyperhive's 7000/8100-8999 range
  sshPort    = 2222;   # default — git-over-SSH; kept off 22 so it doesn't collide with the host openssh
  openFirewall = false; # default — expose httpPort + sshPort to the host firewall
};

httpPort (default 3000) is the port Forgejo's HTTP server binds to. It sits outside hyperhive's reserved ranges (dashboard 7000, agents 8100–8999) so a default install has no port fights. Change it only if you already have another process bound to 3000.

sshPort (default 2222) is the port Forgejo's built-in SSH server uses for git clone/push/pull over SSH (git@<domain>:owner/repo.git via -p 2222). Port 22 is left alone on the host for openssh.

openFirewall (default false) controls whether httpPort and sshPort are opened in the host firewall. Off by default (secure by default): agents reach Forgejo through the gateway (forge.<domain> on the bridge), not the raw port, so no firewall hole is needed. Flip to true when you need:

• The operator's browser to reach http://<host>:<httpPort>/ directly (not behind the gateway).
• External git clients that push/pull via SSH directly to the host.

Forgejo served through the gateway (forge.behindGateway = true) does not need openFirewall — the gateway's own openFirewall option covers that path.

rootUrl override

services.hyperhive.forge.rootUrl = "https://forge.example.com/";

rootUrl (default null) overrides the Forgejo ROOT_URL that is auto-derived from forge.domain + gateway state. The auto-derivation covers most cases:

The auto-derivation always uses http://. Set rootUrl explicitly when you need https:// (e.g. behind a TLS-terminating reverse proxy, or when clone URLs must carry https:// because the gateway terminates TLS), or when forge.domain resolves differently from the public URL. Must end with / (Forgejo requirement; an assertion enforces this).

Per-agent static frontend split

When services.hyperhive.frontend is configured, hive-c0re injects HIVE_AGENT_FRONTEND_DIR = "${cfg.frontend}/agent" into its service environment. The nginx include generator (gateway_nginx::write) reads this variable and, when set, emits split location blocks per agent instead of the legacy single-proxy block.

Location priority for /agent/<name>/...:

# 1. Compiled assets — content-addressed nix store path, cache forever
location ^~ /agent/<name>/static/ {
    alias <frontend>/static/;
    expires 1y;
    add_header Cache-Control "public, immutable, max-age=31536000";
}

# 2. Static dist + proxy fallback for dynamic paths
location /agent/<name>/ {
    alias <frontend>/;
    try_files $uri $uri.html $uri/index.html @<name>_dynamic;
}

# 3. Proxy catchall — API, events, icon, send, login, …
location @<name>_dynamic {
    proxy_pass <upstream>;
    proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Prefix /agent/<name>;
    proxy_intercept_errors on;
    error_page 502 503 504 = /__hive_agent_unreachable;
    # … (full proxy header block)
}

try_files resolution (nginx applies the alias mapping before checking file existence):

Adding a new HTML page to the frontend dist (dist/<page>.html) automatically makes it reachable at /agent/<name>/<page> — no generator change needed.

Why ^~ for /static/: the ^~ prefix gives this block higher priority than the plain prefix location /agent/<name>/, so compiled JS/CSS assets skip try_files entirely and get the immutable cache headers. Nix store paths are content-addressed — the hash changes on any content change — so max-age=31536000 is safe.

Why nix store is reachable from the gateway container: nspawn containers bind-mount /nix/store read-only by default. The HIVE_AGENT_FRONTEND_DIR path is a nix store path baked in at hive-c0re build time — the same path is visible to both c0re (writing agents.conf) and the gateway nginx (serving files from it).

Graceful degradation: if HIVE_AGENT_FRONTEND_DIR is empty or unset (e.g. a build that predates cfg.frontend), each agent gets the legacy single-proxy block and all traffic is forwarded to the agent daemon as before.

extraFiles: per-agent hyperhive.frontend.extraFiles are in mergedDist, not in the base cfg.frontend dist. They are not under the nix-store alias path, so requests for them fall through try_files to @<name>_dynamic and are served by the agent daemon as before.

Per-agent error pages

/agent/<name>/ requests hit two failure modes; both get static HTML pages instead of nginx's default error chrome:

• Agent not found (/agent/<unknown>/...) — name isn't in agentPortsTable. nginx's prefix match falls back to the bare /agent/ catch-all, which return 404s and error_page 404 rewrites to /__hive_agent_not_found → serves not-found.html with a link back to the dashboard.

• Agent unreachable (502 / 503 / 504 from proxy_pass) — the per-agent harness isn't responding (container restarting, crash recovery, etc.). proxy_intercept_errors on + error_page 502 503 504 = /__hive_agent_unreachable rewrites to unreachable.html.

Both pages are built at deploy time via pkgs.runCommand (one nix derivation hyperhive-agent-error-pages with not-found.html + unreachable.html inside) and served via two internal nginx locations with alias to the exact file. internal keeps the files from being directly request-able by operators — only nginx's own error-handling can reach them.

Page styling: minimal inline CSS matching the dashboard's catppuccin palette (#1e1e2e bg, #cdd6f4 text, #cba6f7 heading). No dependencies on the frontend dist — these pages render even when hive-c0re itself is down.

Scope is intentionally narrow: only routes already special-cased in the nginx config get custom error pages. Other gateway routes (forge / matrix / fluffychat) get nginx defaults — extending the custom-error pattern there is a separate follow-up.

HTTP Basic auth

services.hyperhive.gateway.auth.enable = true gates every request to the main vhost (_) behind HTTP Basic auth. nginx's built-in auth_basic module validates credentials; no extra service or host-side daemon is required.

Setup:

services.hyperhive.gateway.auth = {
  enable = true;
  # realm = "hyperhive";  # optional, default shown
};

The credential store lives at the fixed path /var/lib/hyperhive/gateway/gateway.htpasswd on the host. A tmpfiles rule pre-creates the file on first boot; no manual path configuration is required. The file is exposed inside the gateway container at /run/hive-state/gateway.htpasswd via the existing gateway state bind-mount.

Manage users with hivectl gateway. hivectl sends the request over the host admin socket and the hive-c0re daemon performs the write at its canonical path — no path is exposed to the CLI:

# Add or update a user (prompted for password):
hivectl gateway create-user alice --password-stdin

# Add with inline password (visible in shell history — avoid for sensitive creds):
hivectl gateway create-user bob --password hunter2

# Remove a user:
hivectl gateway delete-user bob

# List current usernames:
hivectl gateway list-users

The daemon hashes passwords with BCrypt (cost 12) and writes $2y$-prefixed hashes that nginx accepts natively. No external htpasswd binary is required.

What is not gated: per-agent UI routes emitted into agents.conf (served under /agent/<name>/) inherit no auth from / — nginx applies auth_basic per-location. Full per-agent coverage is a follow-up.

Realm: the WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm="..." string browsers display in the credential dialog. Defaults to "hyperhive". Must not contain " or $.

Custom 401 page: when credentials are absent or wrong, nginx serves a Catppuccin-styled unauthorized.html page (built into the same Nix derivation as the agent error pages) that tells the operator which hivectl command to run to create a user. The response status is still 401 (error_page 401 =401 /__hive_auth_unauthorized) so browsers present the login dialog on the first visit — users who dismiss the dialog see the human-readable hint. The internal exact-match location (= /__hive_auth_unauthorized) beats location / in nginx's prefix ordering, preventing the subrequest from looping back through auth_basic.

Security headers

The following headers are emitted at server scope on every gateway vhost (_, forge.<domain>, matrix.<domain>):

nginx's add_header inheritance rule: a location block that sets its own add_header does not inherit server-scope headers. API locations that carry their own CORS headers (e.g. /.well-known/matrix/client, /_matrix/) are therefore unaffected. HTML-serving and proxy locations with no add_header of their own pick the security headers up automatically.

HSTS (gateway.hsts)

HSTS is opt-in and disabled by default:

services.hyperhive.gateway.hsts = {
  enable = true;          # default: false
  maxAge = 31536000;      # default: 1 year (required for preload list)
  includeSubDomains = true;  # default: true
};

When enabled, a Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=...[; includeSubDomains] header is added alongside the other security headers.

Opt-in rationale: HSTS pins HTTPS in the browser's preload cache; enabling it on a deployment that later loses TLS locks browsers out until max-age expires. Only enable when TLS is permanent.

The gateway always terminates TLS now (self-signed floor), so HSTS is always served over https when enabled — the old "HSTS requires a TLS mode" assertion is gone (it can no longer be violated).